V. A Trip to Sergiyev Posad

Sergiyev Posad, of course, is where all this is heading, a town seventy kilometres to the north-east of Moscow and my only excursion outside the capital city. For the hour-long journey, we catch a train from the Yaroslavsky terminal. My son is disappointed that it won’t be one of the newer trains, he says trains to the north-east are the last to be modernized, but it looks fine to me. We will pass through Mytishchi, which my son jokes every visitor to Moscow must go to because a friend of his lives there. We record a short video in which I say what a nice city it is. I see greenery, snaking rivers, houses instead of blocks, lots of tin huts with chimneys poking out of them. I imagine what the scene would look like if it was covered in snow. It’s not as lush as Bulgaria, the climate here is more severe, and the trees are several weeks behind Sofia.

Sergiyev Posad is where the Trinity Lavra of St Sergius is located, Russian Orthodoxy’s spiritual centre. I have wanted to go there for a long time. Not only does it contain the relics of Russia’s most important saint, St Sergius of Radonezh, who lived in the fourteenth century, but the same church that contains his relics houses probably the most famous icon in the world, the Trinity by Andrei Rublev. Russia is famous for three icons: the Trinity; the Vladimir icon of the Mother and Child, which I have seen in the main cathedral in Moscow (at a distance, behind bulletproof glass), a twelfth-century icon sent by the Patriarch of Constantinople to the Grand Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy of Kiev which is said to have protected Moscow from an invasion by Timur in 1395; and the Kazan icon of the Mother and Child, the original of which was lost in 1904 (the robbers were interested in the frame, not the icon itself!), so there are only copies, of which I venerated one on the Kolomenskoye estate, in the church associated with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, father of Peter the Great, next to the avenue of lime trees and opposite the former site of his wooden palace.

When we arrive in Sergiyev Posad, we walk along the platform and cross the tracks to exit through a barrier. I can glimpse a gold dome in the distance. The town reminds me of a settlement in the Wild West with a main street and not much else. The buildings are ugly, but this is not the point of our visit. We head right, and then left, emerging onto a patch of grass with the Konchura River flowing through it, which offers an attractive view of our destination. My son again takes me a different way, past a memorial of military glory, which really holds little interest for me, until at last I find myself in front of the monastery gate. It is a Sunday, and there is a constant trickle of pilgrims, but nothing overwhelming. I pause for photos in front of the entrance. As we enter, we pass frescoes of St Sergius greeting a flock of doves – his future disciples – and blessing Prince Dmitry Donskoy before he meets the Tatar army at the Battle of Kulikovo, two pivotal moments in the saint’s life, which represent his spiritual authority and legacy.

Inside the enclosure proper, we pass the Dormition Cathedral on the right. There is the grave of an elder, which is recent (beneath wood, not stone) and covered in flowers, attracting the attention of numerous pilgrims, some of whom must have known him when he was alive. We then pass the Church of the Holy Spirit, its white walls blazing for a moment in the light of the sun, which emerges briefly from the clouds, and join the queue outside the Trinity Cathedral to venerate the saint’s relics. The wind is biting, but I do not mind this. Actually I like the fact of waiting. It gives you time to reflect and creates a bond with the people around you. A woman comes out and asks us to queue next to the church wall, not out into the square. We are given books of prayers in Russian to the saint. As often in Russian churches, we will enter the church from the side. I have found entrances in Moscow confusing – you’re never quite sure where they are, and when you do find them, you’re never quite sure which part of the building you are in.

Here, however, on entering the church, we find ourselves in the narthex, candles flaring, those for the living on brass stands that are higher than those for the departed, the metal gleaming where it has been oiled to prevent the wax from sticking. Women busily scrub away, keeping the surfaces clean. The nave is on our left. We turn the corner and, as if entering Noah’s ark, are lined up so that we approach the relics two by two. I’m just glad my son is next to me, and not with someone else. I gaze around, searching for the icon of the Trinity, which I imagine will be in the centre of the church, not on the iconostasis itself, but I am wrong. There is one Trinity to the left of the holy doors, next to the Mother, but I do not think it is this one. To the right of the holy doors, where Christ would normally be… Yes, this is it. I feel certain that this is it, and I sneak a photograph of the image. I know that photography is not permitted, but I also know that Russians love their mobile phones. It is time to turn my attention to the relics, which are in a silver shrine against the wall, to the far right of the iconostasis. A man beckons people forwards, helps them bow, and then urges them on. Orthodoxy is all about movement. People make the sign of the cross. A choir sings – a moleben, perhaps, or an akathist to the saint. The most common words in an Orthodox service are a plea for mercy: “Lord, have mercy.” I am carried forwards, as if on a wave. I see the opening. The face is covered, unlike in Greek churches, where the face is often visible. I bow down and kiss the glass, touch it with my forehead, and kiss it again. I have waited so long for this moment. Already I am descending the steps, back to the nave proper. I do not remember having ascended them. I join the huddle of the choir, turn back in the direction of the relics, I need more time, and begin to pray. And then something very strange happens.

It is as if a channel opens up. I have never experienced anything like this before. It is as if the saint himself is listening. I pray in silence, but feel as if my words are magnified in heaven, are reaching right to God’s throne through the saint’s intervention. I stutter out my prayers, my meagre requests. It is as if I have been asking to see someone important in order to let my thoughts be known, and now I have been given the opportunity, I feel rather flustered. Whereas our words normally form a thread, which may or may not reach its destination, my words now are a thoroughfare, a broad boulevard, a royal road. A link has been enabled between me and heaven, and the one who has done this is lying a few feet in front of me. I know it cannot go on forever and must come to an end. What it would be to enjoy such discourse on a permanent basis! Faith is the enlarging of things. Faith is sight and hearing. So often in this world we feel undervalued, overlooked, when, like the animals in Moscow Zoo, all we want is to be acknowledged – not to engage in trade, not to engage in trickery or deceit, but to be ourselves, fully open. We spend so much time immersed in conflict, but when we meet our own fragility, our own breathlessness, I do not think we have the strength to wish anyone ill. When facing the firing squad in One Hundred Years of Solitude, Arcadio realizes how much he really loved the people he hated most. In death, in fragility, there is no room for hostility.

We leave the church and head back to the frontier town. We eat a pizza in Dodo’s. I cannot stop smiling. This is the perfect conclusion to my visit, and I experience enormous gratitude. Orthodoxy is about endurance, something I think people in the West do not understand. You endure, despite the hardships, the obvious persecution. It is not about convenience. It is about being pushed to the limit, to the edge of time itself, and peering over into the chasm of eternity. A saint who has been dead for 650 years opens up the gate to heaven for me. I feel more alive than I have for ages. And I smile, because my son is opposite me. I am not alone. My life has meaning.

  1. In front of the Trinity Lavra.
  2. St Sergius blessing Prince Dmitry.
  3. The wall of the Church of the Holy Spirit with the Trinity Cathedral on the left.
  4. The queue outside the Trinity Cathedral.
  5. My photo of the Trinity icon, which forms part of the iconostasis in the position normally occupied by Christ.
  6. The Trinity icon in relation to the shrine of St Sergius on the right.
  7. In Dodo Pizza.

Jonathan Dunne

Back to the beginning: Red Square

Moscow: A Visitor’s Impressions

I. Red Square

I suppose the place a Westerner visiting Moscow for the first time wants to see most is Red Square. This is probably the only image of Moscow I retained from my childhood. The military parade. Russia as a military threat. Victory Day. But when we left the Revolution Square metro station, my son took me past the statue of Karl Marx, somewhat blinded by the sun, to visit the Bolshoi Theatre. “Bolshoi”, such a resonant term for lovers of ballet, simply means “Big”. Next to it, unsurprisingly, is another theatre called “Small” and an operetta house we will go to a few days later (my son has a blind date, and I am there to chaperone him; actually he mistakenly bought an extra ticket). When I do finally make it into Red Square via the Resurrection Gate next to the History Museum, I find myself in a large, cobbled space with the Kremlin walls to my right, the emblematic St Basil’s Cathedral ahead of me, and a fancy mall on my left. Nestled beneath the Kremlin walls is Lenin’s mausoleum. One cannot help but be struck by the juxtaposition of Christianity and socialism, an impression that is reinforced later by a visit to Zaryadye Park, where on a walkway suspended above the Moscow River one can view the Kremlin (with the Archangel Cathedral clearly visible) and further down the north bank the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. As if to make the visitor feel even dizzier, each tower of the Kremlin walls is topped by a red star. I learn my first history lesson: Russians commemorate all aspects of their past, they do not try to do away with them, as has happened in Bulgaria, for example, where socialist monuments are dismantled and Dimitrov’s mausoleum was (with some difficulty) razed to the ground.

The walls are not so red, either. They are more russet. I gravitate towards St Basil’s Cathedral, known to the Russians as Pokrovsky Cathedral, a reference to the Virgin Mary’s veil (pokrov) and the protection Ivan the Terrible believed he had received in his successful military campaign against the Kazan Khanate in the sixteenth century, which was the reason for him to erect this church. The Basil in question is not the fourth-century theologian, but a contemporary holy fool who was later buried in the church. The familiar domes, looking like turbans, provide a splash of colour: blue and white, green and white, green and gold, red and green, gold. I pose in front of the church and the monument to Minin and Pozharsky, a butcher and a noble who organized resistance to the Polish invaders another fifty years later (in 1612). This would bring to an end the Time of Troubles and lead to the rise of the Romanov dynasty, which would rule over Russia for the next three hundred years, until the bloody revolution of 1917 and the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin.

It is easy to lose one’s sense of direction because the Kremlin is not four-sided, but more of a triangle, so you have the south side facing the river, Red Square to the north-east, and Alexander Garden to the north-west. Inside the Kremlin are four ancient churches: the Assumption, Archangel, and Annunciation Cathedrals, and a smaller Church of Laying Our Lady’s Holy Robe. Here also is the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, a large bell sitting at its feet, a chunk missing – it is difficult to ascend to heaven when you are so heavy – and the Senate. The Kremlin, therefore, far from being military in character, is an enclosure that houses churches built (two by Italian architects) during the Grand Duchy of Moscow. My favourite is the Assumption Cathedral with its towering iconostasis (the icons that hide the altar from view, I notice how in some of the grander Russian churches the iconostasis consists of five levels and reaches all the way to the ceiling, the icons of the second level being particularly large, some of which I will see out of context in the Tretyakov Gallery) and frescoes adorning the columns, ceiling, and walls; the Archangel Cathedral, with its icon of St Michael, prince of the heavenly host, was used by royals to pray for military success, and many of them are buried here, while the Annunciation Cathedral was used as a private chapel.

In the Annunciation Cathedral, a Russian woman is enthusiastically explaining the icons to a group of Asian tourists. The tourists answer her questions with comparable enthusiasm, like excited schoolchildren. The Russian woman is indulgent with them and greets their correct answers with mild expressions of joy. I am waiting to take a photograph of the iconostasis, but the male tourist’s head obstructs my view of the holy doors at the centre of the iconostasis. As they move to the left, a woman comes in and stands in front of the icon of Christ. She leaves, but the Asian group automatically shuffles to the right, again making it impossible for me to gain a clear view. They then exit the church, and I think my moment has come, but just as I am about to press the shutter, they come back in – either they have forgotten something, or a point has to be made more forcefully. I rue having entered the church at the same time as them, if only I had been five or ten minutes later or earlier, but in the end they leave and I get my shot. The Russian woman flashes me a look; she is eyeing me as a prospective student.

That morning, we visit Lenin’s Mausoleum. The queue is not long, and the constant drizzle helps to keep it down. We are not required to buy a ticket, entrance is free (entrance to the Kremlin is 11 euros; the History Museum and St Basil’s Cathedral both cost 20 euros, which I find a bit steep). We pass through security and along the wall, where the ashes of prominent socialists are interred, including the Scottish Arthur MacManus and the American Bill Haywood, before going down some steps and entering the mausoleum proper. A guard indicates that I should put my phone away and not take photographs. We descend some more steps, turn a corner, and there is Lenin in his casket, brightly lit in the surrounding darkness and surprisingly intact after a hundred years. Here is the architect of the 1917 Revolution, the one who promoted and was later pushed aside by Stalin. Stalin is buried outside, along with other leaders, while other prominent socialist-era politicians, such as Khrushchev, Gorbachev, and Yeltsin, are buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in the south-west of the city. It is difficult to avoid a comparison between Lenin’s embalmed body and the relics of a saint in an Orthodox church, and the impact on Russians must have been similar. There is an aura about him. We pause for a moment before being encouraged by a disembodied voice somewhere in the shadows to move on. As we leave the area, the Spasskaya Tower strikes twelve and follows this up with a jaunty rendition of the Russian anthem. I am not sure what century I am in or what the dominant ideology is meant to be.

  1. Red Square (taken from the third floor of the History Museum).
  2. St Basil’s Cathedral with the monument to Minin and Pozharsky.
  3. The Kremlin walls and the domes inside the courtyard (Annunciation, Archangel, Bell Tower).
  4. The five-tiered iconostasis inside the Assumption Cathedral.
  5. The entrance to Lenin’s mausoleum.
  6. The view along the Moscow River from the Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge.

Jonathan Dunne

Next: The Tretyakov Gallery